Ginkgo Biloba: 14 Beneficii Impresionante Pentru Sănătate, Dozare și Efecte Secundare

2024 Autor: Cecilia Ryder | [email protected]. Modificat ultima dată: 2023-12-17 14:22

Ginkgo biloba este o plantă medicinală originară din China. Extractul de ginkgo biloba a fost folosit în medicina tradițională din plante din China de secole. Suplimentele de Ginkgo sunt bogate în valori terapeutice și sunt asociate cu multe beneficii pentru sănătate. Planta are mai multe proprietăți antiinflamatoare și antioxidante care ar putea ajuta la tratarea diferitelor afecțiuni. Planta poate reduce simptomele tulburărilor psihiatrice precum Alzheimer și demență, tratează anxietatea, combate inflamațiile și susține sănătatea ochilor.

În acest articol, am discutat în detaliu beneficiile pentru sănătate ale ginkgo biloba, împreună cu potențialele sale efecte secundare. Continua să citești.

Cuprins

• Care sunt beneficiile Ginkgo Biloba?
• Doze și forme de Ginkgo Biloba
• Care sunt efectele secundare ale Ginkgo Biloba?
• Riscuri

Care sunt beneficiile Ginkgo Biloba?

1. Poate reduce simptomele tulburărilor psihiatrice

Ginkgo poate ajuta la reducerea simptomelor tulburărilor psihiatrice, cum ar fi Alzheimer și demență (1). Un studiu realizat de Universitatea de Medicină Chineză din Beijing a constatat că extractul de ginkgo poate crește capacitățile funcționale la cei cu Alzheimer atunci când este utilizat împreună cu medicina convențională (2).

Un alt studiu a constatat că extractul de ginkgo este eficient în tratamentul simptomelor asociate cu demența (3). Unele dovezi anecdotice sugerează că ginkgo-ul poate îmbunătăți și fluxul de sânge către creier (4). Un alt studiu realizat de Free University Berlin a constatat că extractul de ginkgo poate îmbunătăți starea persoanelor cu demență (5). Epilepsia este o cauză frecventă a tulburărilor cognitive grave. Un studiu la șobolan a afirmat că extractul de ginkgo ar putea îmbunătăți funcția cognitivă, învățarea și memoria (6).

2. Poate ajuta la tratarea anxietății

Extractul de Ginkgo biloba poate reduce simptomele anxietății și stresului. Extractul a fost utilizat în medicina tradițională din plante din China pentru tratarea tulburărilor neurodegenerative (7). Studiile pe animale afirmă că conținutul de antioxidanți al extractului de ginkgo biloba poate ajuta la reducerea simptomelor de anxietate și a altor tulburări cognitive (8), (9).

Într-un studiu, un grup de 107 persoane tratate cu o doză mare de ginkgo a raportat o reducere a simptomelor de anxietate (10). Cu toate acestea, sunt necesare mai multe cercetări pentru a înțelege în continuare acest beneficiu al ginkgo biloba.

3. Poate lupta împotriva inflamației

Ginkgo are capacitatea de a reduce inflamația cauzată de diferite afecțiuni. Un studiu realizat de Universitatea Națională din Taiwan a constatat că extractul de ginkgo biloba poate reduce markerii inflamației la celulele animale și umane (11), (12), (13). Există și alte afecțiuni inflamatorii care pot ajuta la tratarea extractului de ginkgo. Acestea includ:

• Artrita: Un studiu efectuat pe șobolani a constatat că extractul de ginkgo ar putea ajuta la ameliorarea artritei (14).
• Accident vascular cerebral: Extractul de Ginkgo biloba a fost sugerat pacienților cu accident vascular cerebral ischemic acut (pierderea bruscă a circulației sanguine într-o zonă a creierului). Se spune că planta are proprietăți neuroprotectoare care ajută la îmbunătățirea funcției cognitive la pacienți (15).
• Boala intestinului iritabil (IBD): un studiu realizat de Universitatea din Cairo a constatat că curcumina și ginkgo ar putea fi eficiente în prevenirea și tratamentul IBD (16).

Sunt necesare mai multe studii la om pentru a înțelege rolul extractului de ginkgo în tratarea diferitelor afecțiuni.

4. Poate sprijini sănătatea ochilor

Unele cercetări timpurii afirmă că suplimentarea cu ginkgo poate crește fluxul de sânge la ochi. Ar putea fi un tratament potențial pentru glaucom. Cu toate acestea, lipsesc dovezi concludente în acest sens (17). Un mic studiu realizat de London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine a constatat că extractul de ginkgo poate avea un efect benefic asupra vederii. Procesele suplimentare sunt justificate (18).

Extractul de Ginkgo biloba are, de asemenea, potențialul de a trata glaucomul cu tensiune normală (19). Sunt necesare mai multe cercetări pentru a determina dacă ginkgo-ul este cu adevărat eficient în promovarea sănătății vederii.

5. Poate îmbunătăți sănătatea inimii

Ginkgo poate crește fluxul sanguin promovând dilatarea vaselor de sânge. A fost utilizat în tratamentul problemelor legate de circulația sanguină slabă. Ginkgo are capacitatea de a crește fluxul de sânge către diferite părți ale corpului.

Extractul de Ginkgo biloba (GBE) este un agent terapeutic promițător pentru bolile cardiovasculare și ischemice. Promovează sănătatea vasculară (a vaselor de sânge) (20). Un studiu realizat de al doilea spital al Universității de Medicină Hebei a constatat că extractul de ginkgo îmbunătățește circulația arterei coronare la pacienții cu boală coronariană (21). De asemenea, a prezentat același efect la vârstnici (22). Acest extract are efecte protectoare asupra sănătății inimii. De asemenea, poate ajuta în tratamentul tulburărilor neurologice și cardio-cerebrovasculare (23), (24), (25).

Extractul de ginkgo poate fi benefic în tratamentul leziunilor miocardice diabetice (probleme legate de membranele inimii) (26).

6. Poate îmbunătăți funcția creierului

Ginkgo a fost evaluat în mod repetat pentru capacitatea sa de a reduce anxietatea, stresul și alte simptome asociate bolii Alzheimer și declinului cognitiv legat de vârstă. Un studiu realizat de Departamentul de Științe ale Sănătății, Universitatea Liberty, a constatat că suplimentarea cu extract de ginkgo poate crește performanța mentală (27).

Un alt studiu realizat de Universitatea din München a constatat că planta îmbunătățește funcționarea mentală la voluntarii sănătoși (28). Dovezi anecdotice sugerează că ginkgo-ul poate juca un rol major în îmbunătățirea fluxului sanguin către creier.

7. Poate ajuta tratamentul depresiei

Ginkgo extract has anti-inflammatory properties that may help in the treatment of depression. A study found that supplementing with ginkgo extract may help treat symptoms of depression (29). However, more research is warranted in this regard.

8. May Treat Headaches and Migraines

Ginkgo biloba can reduce inflammation and potentially increase blood flow to the brain. It may treat certain types of headaches and migraines. Herbs that fight inflammation are quite popular in traditional Chinese medicine as a treatment for migraines and headaches (30). However, little research is available to support this claim.

A study discusses ginkgolide B, which is an herbal constituent extracted from ginkgo biloba tree leaves. The constituent was found to help prevent migraines and headaches at a young age (31). Another study found that ginkgolide B may be used to reduce the severity and frequency of migraines with aura (migraines with vision changes) (32).

9. May Improve Asthma And COPD Symptoms

The anti-inflammatory properties of ginkgo biloba extract may treat symptoms associated with respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A study conducted by Jilin University found that the anti-inflammatory compounds available in ginkgo may reduce inflammation in the airways (33). In another study, asthma patients treated with ginkgo extract showed better improvement in their condition compared to patients who received conventional medication alone (34).

In another study, a group of 100 COPD patients over 50 years of age who consumed a mixture of Chinese herbs (including ginkgo) reported a reduction in bronchitis and cough (35).

10. May Reduce PMS Symptoms

Ginkgo biloba may help reduce PMS symptoms. A study found a reduction of PMS symptoms by 23% after consuming ginkgo extract (36). Further information on the safety of the herb in this regard is needed.

Ginkgolide B has also been associated with a reduction in PMS symptoms (37).

11. May Treat Sexual Dysfunction

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may facilitate blood flow and influence nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissue. These processes are important for sexual response in women. GBE may have the potential to boost sexual health in women (38).

A study found that ginkgo extract has the ability to improve blood levels of nitric oxide (39). This may help improve women’s sexual function too. However, we need more research to further understand this mechanism of ginkgo.

12. May Help Reduce Obesity

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) may help reduce obesity. One rat study stated that ginkgo biloba extract could be efficient in preventing and treating obesity-induced insulin signaling impairment (40). GBE may improve insulin resistance and reduce body weight gain (41). GBE may also represent a potential alternative therapy for menopause-related obesity (42).

A study found that ginkgo biloba leaves could improve blood lipid parameters. They could be used in the treatment of dyslipidemia (abnormal amount of lipids in the blood) (43). Ginkgo biloba extract reduces oxidative stress in diet-induced obese rats (44). It could also exhibit anti-obesogenic effects in white adipose tissue of rats (45).

More long-term studies are needed to understand the anti-obesogenic effects of ginkgo extract on humans.

13. May Improve Skin Health

Ginkgo biloba is said to possess anti-aging effects too. The ginkgo leaf extract contains quercetin and kaempferol (natural plant flavonoids that act as antioxidants) that help fight free radicals. They may reduce signs of skin aging. Ginkgo also had synergistic effects with green tea on improving skin barrier function and elasticity (46).

14. May Boost Hair Growth

Ginkgo biloba has been proven to potentially help slow down hair loss. It may also promote hair growth. However, these studies have been conducted on mice alone (47).

These are the benefits of ginkgo biloba. In the following section we will look at the herb’s ideal dosage.

Dosage And Forms Of Ginkgo Biloba

Ginkgo biloba is available in various forms such as liquid extracts, tablets, capsules, and dried leaves/tea. It seems to be most effective when taken in several doses throughout the day (total daily dosage being 120–240 mg). Ensure you do not take the raw form of ginkgo, as it can be poisonous.

Ginkgo may take up to 4 to 6 weeks to show any results. A common dose of 40 milligrams of extract three times daily is recommended to those with dementia. For improving cognitive function in healthy people, 120 milligrams to 600 milligrams of the extract may be used. These values are based on anecdotal evidence. Consult your doctor for more information.

Though ginkgo biloba is generally safe for use, it does have a few side effects that you need to keep in mind. Check them out in the next section.

What Are The Side Effects Of Ginkgo Biloba?

Excess intake of ginkgo biloba may cause several adverse effects. These may include allergies, headaches, stomach pain, diarrhea, dizziness, nausea, and some drug interactions.

In some cases, intake of the herb can cause serious harm. Individuals who are allergic to plants with alkylphenols, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and people with epilepsy should avoid intake. People who are on medications must consult with their doctor before taking ginkgo.

High exposure to ginkgo may increase the risk of breast and colorectal cancers in some individuals. Also, ginkgo does not seem to reduce the risk of other forms of cancer (48). Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo has the potential to interact with certain medications like blood thinners (aspirin, warfarin) and antidepressants.

Ginkgo biloba may also have other risks associated with it.

Risks

Ginkgo is generally considered safe for healthy people when used in limited amounts for up to six months. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) doesn’t regulate ginkgo supplements or most other drugs that contain the herb (49).

Some anecdotal evidence suggests that ginkgo may lower blood sugar levels. Hence, use with caution if you have diabetes.

Eating raw or roasted ginkgo seeds may be poisonous and may lead to adverse effects. Research is limited here, though.

Conclusion

Ginkgo biloba is one of the oldest plant species on the planet. It is said to possess several anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that offer health benefits. The herb helps reduce symptoms of psychiatric disorders, treats anxiety, and fights inflammation. However, excess intake of ginkgo extract may lead to several adverse effects. Most of the research related to this herbal extract is still ongoing. Consult your doctor before including this herb into your routine.

Expert’s Answers For Readers’ Questions

Should I take ginkgo at night?

Ginkgo can stimulate your brain and keep you awake the whole night. Do not take it before sleep.

Does Ginkgo biloba cause liver damage?

Ginkgo has not been linked to liver damage. In fact, it is sometimes used to treat certain liver ailments (50).

Does Ginkgo biloba raise blood pressure?

Nu există nici o cercetare care să ateste că ginkgo-ul poate crește tensiunea arterială. Deși ginkgo are proprietăți vasodilatatoare, nu este clar dacă poate reduce tensiunea arterială.

50 de surse

Stylecraze are îndrumări stricte în materie de aprovizionare și se bazează pe studii peer-review, instituții de cercetare academică și asociații medicale. Evităm să folosim referințe terțiare. Puteți afla mai multe despre modul în care ne asigurăm că conținutul nostru este corect și actual citind politica noastră editorială.

• Yuan, Qiuju și colab. „Efectele Ginkgo Biloba asupra demenței: o prezentare generală a analizelor sistematice.” Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Elsevier, 7 decembrie 2016.

  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874116322590.

• Yang G, Wang Y, Sun J, Zhang K, Liu J. Ginkgo Biloba for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Curr Top Med Chem. 2016;16(5):520‐528.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26268332/

• Savaskan E, Mueller H, Hoerr R, von Gunten A, Gauthier S. Treatment effects of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761® on the spectrum of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int Psychogeriatr. 2018;30(3):285‐293.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28931444/

• Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N, Itil TM, Freedman AM, Schatzberg AF. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA. 1997;278(16):1327‐1332.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9343463/

• Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Hörr R. Proof of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from mild to moderate primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type or multi-infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry. 1996;29(2):47‐56.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8741021/

• Chen Y, Feng Z, Shen M, et al. Insight into Ginkgo biloba L. Extract on the Improved Spatial Learning and Memory by Chemogenomics Knowledgebase, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, and Bioassay Validations. ACS Omega. 2020;5(5):2428‐2439. Published 2020 Jan 28.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32064403/

• Ekici-Günay, Nahide. “Ginkgo Biloba Extract as an Antioxidant in Nerve Regeneration.” Pathology, Academic Press, 1 May 2020, www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128159729000238.

• Savage K, Firth J, Stough C, Sarris J. GABA-modulating phytomedicines for anxiety: A systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence. Phytother Res. 2018;32(1):3‐18.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29168225/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Woelk H, Arnoldt KH, Kieser M, Hoerr R. Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 in generalized anxiety disorder and adjustment disorder with anxious mood: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res. 2007;41(6):472‐480.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16808927/

• Chen YJ, Tsai KS, Chiu CY, et al. EGb761 inhibits inflammatory responses in human chondrocytes and shows chondroprotection in osteoarthritic rat knee. J Orthop Res. 2013;31(7):1032‐1038.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23483610/

• Kotakadi, Venkata S et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 has anti-inflammatory properties and ameliorates colitis in mice by driving effector T cell apoptosis.” Carcinogenesis vol. 29,9 (2008): 1799-806.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527648/

• Zuo, Wei et al. “Advances in the Studies of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves Extract on Aging-Related Diseases.” Aging and disease vol. 8,6 812-826. 1 Dec. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5758353/

• LIU, Ji-xin, and Yan-feng YANG. “Therapeutic effects of ginkgo biloba extracts on adjuvant arthritis in rats and the mechanism [J].” Chinese Journal of New Drugs 8 (2012).

  www.researchgate.net/publication/291678498_Therapeutic_effects_of_ginkgo_biloba_extracts_on_adjuvant_arthritis_in_rats_and_the_mechanism

• Chong PZ, Ng HY, Tai JT, Lee SWH. Efficacy and Safety of Ginkgo biloba in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Chin Med. 2020;48(3):513‐534.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32349519/

• Motawi TK, Rizk SM, Shehata AH. Effects of curcumin and Ginkgo biloba on matrix metalloproteinases gene expression and other biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease. J Physiol Biochem. 2012;68(4):529‐539.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22535283/

• Kang JM, Lin S. Ginkgo biloba and its potential role in glaucoma. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2018;29(2):116‐120.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29206653/

• Evans JR. Ginkgo biloba extract for age-related macular degeneration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(1):CD001775. Published 2013 Jan 31.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23440785/

• Labkovich M, Jacobs EB, Bhargava S, Pasquale LR, Ritch R. Ginkgo Biloba Extract in Ophthalmic and Systemic Disease, With a Focus on Normal-Tension Glaucoma [published online ahead of print, 2020 Apr 10]. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila). 2020;10.1097/APO.0000000000000279.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32282348/

• Tian J, Liu Y, Chen K. Ginkgo biloba Extract in Vascular Protection: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2017;15(6):532‐548.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28707602/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Wu Y, Li S, Cui W, Zu X, Du J, Wang F. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary blood flow in healthy elderly adults: role of endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(3):164‐169.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18258419/

• Yang Y, Li Y, Wang J, et al. Systematic Investigation of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves for Treating Cardio-cerebrovascular Diseases in an Animal Model. ACS Chem Biol. 2017;12(5):1363‐1372.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28333443/

• Nabavi SM, Habtemariam S, Daglia M, et al. Neuroprotective Effects of Ginkgolide B Against Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Literature. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(21):2222‐2232.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26059355/

• Nash, Kevin M, and Zahoor A Shah. “Current Perspectives on the Beneficial Role of Ginkgo biloba in Neurological and Cerebrovascular Disorders.” Integrative medicine insights vol. 10 1-9. 9 Nov. 2015.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4640423/

• Tian, Jinfan et al. “Ginkgo biloba Leaf Extract Protects against Myocardial Injury via Attenuation of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic ApoE-/- Mice.” Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity vol. 2018 2370617. 25 Feb. 2018.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5845491/

• Mix JA, Crews WD Jr. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in a sample of cognitively intact older adults: neuropsychological findings. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2002;17(6):267‐277.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12404671/

• Cieza A, Maier P, Pöppel E. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on mental functioning in healthy volunteers. Arch Med Res. 2003;34(5):373‐381.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14602503/

• Montes P, Ruiz-Sanchez E, Rojas C, Rojas P. Ginkgo biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 2015;14(1):132‐149.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25642989/

• Chang YY, Tsai YT, Lai JN, Yeh CH, Lin SK. The traditional Chinese medicine prescription patterns for migraine patients in Taiwan: a population-based study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;151(3):1209‐1217.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24389028/

• Usai, Susanna et al. “Gingkolide B as migraine preventive treatment in young age: results at 1-year follow-up.” Neurological sciences: official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology vol. 32 Suppl 1,Suppl 1 (2011): S197-9.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3084934/

• D’Andrea G, Bussone G, Allais G, et al. Efficacy of Ginkgolide B in the prophylaxis of migraine with aura. Neurol Sci. 2009;30 Suppl 1:S121‐S124.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19415441/

• Chu X, Ci X, He J, et al. A novel anti-inflammatory role for ginkgolide B in asthma via inhibition of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. Molecules. 2011;16(9):7634‐7648. Published 2011 Sep 6.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21900866/

• Tang Y, Xu Y, Xiong S, et al. The effect of Ginkgo Biloba extract on the expression of PKCalpha in the inflammatory cells and the level of IL-5 in induced sputum of asthmatic patients. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2007;27(4):375‐380.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17828490/

• Cai, Yong et al. “Effects of Lung Support Formula on respiratory symptoms among older adults: results of a three-month follow-up study in Shanghai, China.” Nutrition journal vol. 12 57. 6 May. 2013, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3698174/

• Ozgoli G, Selselei EA, Mojab F, Majd HA. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of Ginkgo biloba L. in treatment of premenstrual syndrome. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(8):845‐851.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19678774/

• Allais G, Castagnoli Gabellari I, Burzio C, et al. Premenstrual syndrome and migraine. Neurol Sci. 2012;33 Suppl 1:S111‐S115.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22644184/

• Meston, Cindy M et al. “Short- and long-term effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on sexual dysfunction in women.” Archives of sexual behavior vol. 37,4 (2008): 530-47.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2863090/

• Wu YZ, Li SQ, Zu XG, Du J, Wang FF. Ginkgo biloba extract improves coronary artery circulation in patients with coronary artery disease: contribution of plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1. Phytother Res. 2008;22(6):734‐739.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18446847/

• Banin RM, Hirata BK, Andrade IS, et al. Beneficial effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on insulin signaling cascade, dyslipidemia, and body adiposity of diet-induced obese rats. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2014;47(9):780‐788.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25075573/

• Hirata, Bruna Kelly Sousa et al. “Ginkgo biloba extract improves insulin signaling and attenuates inflammation in retroperitoneal adipose tissue depot of obese rats.” Mediators of inflammation vol. 2015 (2015): 419106.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4415619/

• Banin, Renata M et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract (GbE) Stimulates the Hypothalamic Serotonergic System and Attenuates Obesity in Ovariectomized Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 8 605. 5 Sep. 2017.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5591947/

• Fan Y, Jin X, Man C, Gong D. Does Adjuvant Treatment With Ginkgo Biloba to Statins Have Additional Benefits in Patients With Dyslipidemia?. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:659. Published 2018 Jun 22.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29988404/

• Hirata, Bruna K S et al. “Ginkgo biloba Extract Modulates the Retroperitoneal Fat Depot Proteome and Reduces Oxidative Stress in Diet-Induced Obese Rats.” Frontiers in pharmacology vol. 10 686. 14 Jun. 2019.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6587378/

• Hirata BKS, Cruz MM, de Sá RDCC, et al. Potential Anti-obesogenic Effects of Ginkgo biloba Observed in Epididymal White Adipose Tissue of Obese Rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2019;10:284. Published 2019 May 10.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31133986/

• Campos PM, Gianeti MD, Mercurio DG, Gaspar LR. Synergistic effects of green tea and ginkgo biloba extracts on the improvement of skin barrier function and elasticity. J Drugs Dermatol. 2014;13(9):1092‐1097.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25226010/

• Kobayashi N, Suzuki R, Koide C, Suzuki T, Matsuda H, Kubo M. Yakugaku Zasshi. 1993;113(10):718‐724.

  pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8254481/

• Mei, Nan et al. “Review of Ginkgo biloba-induced toxicity, from experimental studies to human case reports.” Journal of environmental science and health. Part C, Environmental carcinogenesis & ecotoxicology reviews vol. 35,1 (2017): 1-28.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6373469/

• Nguyen T, Alzahrani T. Ginkgo Biloba. [Updated 2020 Feb 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 Jan.

  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541024/

• Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-. Ginkgo. [Updated 2018 Mar 14]

  ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK548847/